Measuring and control apparatus



May 23, 1944. E. A. KEELER I MEASURING AND CONTROL APPARATUS Filed Jan. '7, 1941 INVENTOR. EARL A. KEELER RNEY Patented May 23, 1944 MEASURING AND CONTROL APPARATUS Earl A. Keeler, Norristown, Pa., assignor to The Brown Instrument Company, Philadelphia, Pa., a corporation of Pennsylvania Application January 7, 1941, Serial No. 373,450

8 Claims.

The present invention relates to measuring and controlling systems and more particularly to systems involving the measurement and/or recording of direct electromotive forces of minute magnitude and their utilization for control purposes.

An object of the invention is to provide a method of measuring and/or recording the variations in magnitude of direct electromotive forces of minute magnitude.

Another object of the invention is to provide a method of utilizing the variations in magnitude ofminute direct electromotive forces to control the operation of electromechanical mechanism.

A further object of the invention is to provide rugged and highly accurate apparatus for indicating and/or recording direct electric current or potential variations of minute magnitude and/or for utilizing such variations for control purposes.

A still further object of the invention is to provide indicating, recording and/or controlling apparatus employing a novel arrangement for magnifying small direct electromotive forces into electromotive forces of appreciably increased magnitude, the latter of which may be utilized to control the operation of electromechanical mechanism without requiring the use of complicated or critically adjustable amplifiers.

Afurther object of the invention is to provide improved apparatus for measuring and/or recording the magnitude of direct electromotive j forces of minute magnitude which inherently is stable in operation and does not overrun or hunt. A special object of the invention is to provide improved apparatus for indicating, recording and/or controlling temperature conditions.

Various devices have been utilized in the prior art for measuring the magnitude, or the depar ture from a given magnitude, of minutedirect electromotive forces. One of the most satisfactory of such devices from the standpoint of accuracy and reliability is the so-called potentiometer recorder. In such devices the minute direct electromotive forces are utilized directly to effect deflection of the movable element of a galvanometer or other similar sensitive instrument. This movable element, in turn, is employed to control adjustment of a sensitive 'galvanometer having a delicate, defiectabl element, or similar mechanism. Such galvanometer mechanisms furthermore-materially curtail the ruggedness of the instrument as a whole and introduce limitations therein. For example, unless the galvanometer is of the dead beat" typeit tends to oscillate around its ultimate control position. So-called dead beat" galvanometers on the other hand, require a considerable time interval before complete deflection is obtained, and are therefore unsuitable for use in apparatus designed to record rapid variations in a variable condition.

Accordingly, a feature of the present invention is to provide a potentiometer-typerecorder which is free from the limitations of the galvanometercontrol type. In carrying out this and otherv desirable features of the present invention. the minute direct electromotive force to be measured is appreciably magnified by what may be termed an electromechanical amplifier, and the magnified quantity is employed directly to control the operation of electromechanical mechanism for rebalancing the potentiometer.

Specifically, itis contemplated in accordance with the present invention to individually charge suitable energy storing devices, such as electrical condensers, in succession by means of the electromotive force which is to be measured, and to provide means for connecting the energy storing devices in series thereby magnifying, or in effect multiplying, the said electromotive force. By providing a suitable number of energy storing devices, the electromotive force to be measured may thus be magnified to a value which is capable of being readily amplified by suitable electronic amplifying means, and capable of being utilized to directly control the operation of electromechanical mechanisms such as a. reversible electrical motor without requiring the use of sensitive and delicate galvanometer mechanisms. Thus, one of the most serious difliculties in the measurement of minute direct electromotive forces with ordinary electronic amplifying means is overcome. While the minute electromotive force is itself incapable of being amplified accurately and reliably by means of ordinary electronic amplifying systems, the electromotive force obtained by suitable magnification of the minute electromotive force under measurement may be readily amplified by ordinary electronic amplifying systems and thereby may be utilized to directly control the operation of rugged electromechanical mechanism.

1% further feature of the present invention is to provide such improved apparatus for measuring the magnitude, or the departure from a given magnitudaoi a minute direct electromotive force which includes means for applying the said electromotive force to unbalance a normally balanced electrical network and thereby to initiate operation of a driving system having inertia to effect a rebalancing adjustment of the network, which means inherently includes suitable provisions for so delaying the application of the full change or variation in said electromotive force in unbalancing the electrical network that the inertia oi the driving system is compensated for and hunt-.

ing or oscillation of the said system about the balance point is prevented. The delaying provisions are of such character that the operation .of the driving system is effective substantially immediately in effecting rebalance oi the network whereby the operation of the driving system will be proportional to the extent oi network unbalnetwork is reduced and gradually eases into the balanced position without exceeding it.

The various features of novelty which characterize my invention are pointed out with partieularity in the claims annexed to and iorming a part of this specification. For a. better understanding of the invention, however, its advantages and specific objects obtained with its use, raterence should be had to the accompanying drawing' and descriptive matter in which I have illustrated and described a preferred embodiment of the invention.

! the thawing: a

, Fig. lis a diagrammatic representation or the use of the invention in a potentiometric recording and controlling system;

Fig. 2 shows a cross sectional view don! the lines A A oi the "converter" illustrated in Fig. 1; and

Fig. 3 illustrates an alternative form or con- 'verter" that may be utilized in the arrangement of Fig. 1.

In Fig. 1 o! the drawing there is illustrated inschematic form an arrangement including an electronic amplifier l for producing eiiects in accordance with the extent of unbalanceot a potentiometer network 2 which controls the electronic amplifier and is unbalanced inaccordance with the variations inn-minute electromotive force to be measured, namely, that produced by a thermocouple l, and in which because of the small magnitude of the electromotive force under,

measurement it is not practical not desirable to have the said eflects produced directly by said electromotive force. I

More specifically, an arrangement is illustrated in the drawing ior recording andccntroiling the temperature of a furnace l in the interior or which the thermocouple l is arranged in heating transfer relation therewith and is responsive to slight changes in temperature therein. The thermocouple l, whichfmay be located at a distance from the remainder of the apparatua-has its terminals connected by a pair or conductors 5 and I to'the input terminals I and I of a device 8 which is provided rorj magniiying or multiplymg the electromotive i'orce derived from the thermocouple 3. The output terminals in and ll 0! the device 9 are connected by conductors l2 and I3, respectively, to the terminals of the potentiometric network 2.: The potentiometric network 2 includes a slidewire resistance I4 and an associated contact l5, which is capable of being moved along the length of the slidewire, and may be of any suitable type, for example, such as the Brown potentiometric network disclosed in Patent 1,898,124 issued to 'D. R. Harrison February 21, 1933.

The movable contact l5 oi the potentiometer is attached to a suitable carrier which, for example, may be in the form of an internally threaded nut 16 adapted to ride on a screw threaded rod H which is rotated in one direction or the other under controi'oi the electromotive force produced by the thermocouple 3. A suitable motor II is coupled in any convenient manner to the screw threaded rod H to" rotate the latter at the desired speed and in the desired direction and thereby to move the contact l5 along the slidewire resistance I to rebalance the potentiometer when therewith, and is composed of suitable insulating material. A flange 32 is provided on the shaft ii for supporting'the disc 30. The shaft II is mechanically connected to the shaft of a suitable motor (not shown) and is adapted to be rotated at a suitable speed in a counterclockwise direction. One terminal oi each of the condensers "-40 is connected to a respective terminal "-43 which is individual thereto and are circumferentially disposed on the disc 30. The other terminal of each of the condensers "-28 is connected to a respective terminal 04- which is individual thereto and are also circumierentially disposed on the disc 3|. The terminals "-43 are disposed on a circle having the shaft 3| as its center and the terminals 44- are disposed on a circle,

of smaller diameter than the first mentioned circle, also having the shaft II as its center. The

terminals "-43 and 44-54 for each individual circular in cross section as shown or, ii desired, may be arcuate in cross section. As shown in Fig. 2, the terminals 44-project further from the surface of the disc ll than do the terminals The disc 30 is also'provided with a pair of ar- .cuate contact segments II and it which are dis posed on a radial line intermediate the condensers II and I! and at diflerent distances from the shaft 2|. The distances from the shaft 3| to the contacts II and are preferably shorter than the distance from the shaft ii to the contacts "-54. The contacts and 56 are disposed between thecontacts ll, 44 and II, I4, which as seen in Fig. 1 are positioned at greater distances apart than are the other pairs oi contacts.

-As shown in Fig. 2 the condenser units "-2! may desirably be mounted on the side.- oi' the disc I! opposite to that fromqvhichcontacts 33-" project.

s The device 9 includes a flexible contact member 51 which is disposed in operative relation with the contacts 3343 and is adapted to successively engage the latter as the disc 88 is rotated and also includes a flexible contact merm ber 58 which is disposed in operative relation with the contacts "-54 and is adapted to suecessively engage the 1atter as the contact member 51 engages the contacts.33-43 in succession. Similarly, flexible contact members 58 and 68 are disposed in operative relation with the contacts 55 and 56, respectively and are adapted to engage the said contact associated therewith once during each rotation of the disc 38. The flexible contact members 51-450 are insulated from each other and are supported by a stationary block 8| composed of suitable insulating material.

n operation, as the disc-30 is rotated, the flexible contacts 51 and 58 come successively into contact with the pairs of contacts associated with each of'the condensers l828 to thereby impart a charge to each of the condensers of a value ultimately corresponding to the magnitude of the electromotive force produced by the thermocouple 8. After all of the condensers l8-29 have been charged, the flexible contact members 59 and iii are moved into engagement with the contacts 55 and 55, respectively, and thereby connect the condensers in series to the terminals of the potentiometer network 2 through a connection which may be traced from the contact 55 to the flexible contact member 59, terminal III on block 6|, conductor 12, contact and slidewire ll of potentiometer, 2, a conductor '52 in which a resistance 63 of suitable value is inserted, conductor l3, terminal ll, flexible contact member 60, contact 56 and the condensers 18-28 in series to the contact 55. Thus, the sum of the individual electromotive forces applied to each of the condensers Iii-29 is applied to the terminals of the potentiometer. As will be apparent the summation of the individual electromotive forces on the condensers l928 is appreciably larger than that produced by the thermocouple 3, being approximately equal to the electromotive force produced by the thermocouple 3 multiplied by the number of condensers |9-28 employed. If desired, a condenser 68 may be connected between the conductors l2 and I3 so as to smooth out the electromotive force applied to the potentiometer 2 by the device 9.

It is noted that each of the condensers I9-29 may not be charged to the full value of the electromotive force produced by the thermocouple 3 upon the completion of a single revolution of the disc 38. As the disc 38 continues to rotate, howcharging of a plurality of the condenser units, and thereafter, the connection of all of the condenser units in series to the terminals of the potentiometer 2.

In Fig. 3 I have illustrated, more or less diagrammatically, an alternative form of electromotive force magnifying device which may be utilized in lieuof the device 8 in the arrangement of Fig. 1, and in which the energy storing devices or condensers need not be mounted on a rotating part as in the arrangement of Fig. 1, but instead may be maintained stationary. In Fig. 3 parts corresponding to those shown in Figs.

1 and 2 have been indicated by the same reference numerals. As illustrated the electromotive force magnifying device shown in Fig. 3 comprises a plurality of condenser units 19-29 which are continuously connected in series with the conductors l2 and I8 and thereb ara continuously connected in series to the terminals of the potentiometer network 2. Connections 85 extend between the common terminal of adjacent condenser units |8-29 and terminate in circumferentially disposed terminals 85-11. A rotary contacting device 18 is provided which comprises two contacting arms 19 and 80 which are so positioned with respect to the terminals 65-41 that any two of the said terminals, except the terminals 86 and 11, may be bridged by the arms 18 and 80. Upon rotation of the device 18 the contacting arms 19 and 80 consecutively bridge successive pairs of the contacts 6'811 except the pair of contacts 88, 11.

The contacting arms 19 and 88 are formed of conducting material and are connected to and are rigid with slip rings 8| and 82, respectively. Brushes 83 and 84 bear upon the rings 8| and 82, respectively, and serve to connect the conductors 5 and '6 from the thermocouple 3 to the contacting arms 19 and 80. L

The rotation of the device 1-8..xnay beaccomplished in any convenient manner, for example, through the medium of a pulley 85, a belt 86 and any suitable operating means here shown as a ever, each of the condensers 18-49 and thereby the condenser 64 will be repeatedly charged and consequently each of the condensers I928 will ultimately be charged to the full value of the thermocouple electromotive force. The extent to which each of the condensers l928 is charged on each revolution of the disc 38 depends upon the length of time the flexible contact members 51 and 58 are in engagement with their associated contacts, and thereby upon the speed of rotation i he disc. 0 l vhile only eleven condenser units have been shown in the device 9 illustrated in the drawing, it will be apparent that the number of condenser units employed is dictated solely by the magnification of the thermocouple electromotive force desired. It will be apparent, moreover, that any continuously rotating unidirectional motor 81.

As the device 18 rotatesin the direction indicated by the arrow, the contact arms 18 and 88 will consecutively engage successive pairs of the contacts 5611 to thereby impart a charge to each of the condensers l829 in succession, which charge is of a value ultimately corresponding to the magnitude of the electromotive force produced by the thermocouple 3. After an entire revolution has been made, the contacting device 18 will repeat the above cycle of operations. It is thus apparent that the condensers l9,-28 are continuously charged in consecutive relation with an electromotive force approximately equal to that produced by the thermocouple 3. It will be observed that the distance between the last terminal 11 and the first one 88 is greater than the distance between the contacts carried by th contact arms 19 and and therefore in passing parent that any desired number of condenser units may be utilized and that the number employed is dicated solely by the magnification desired of the electromotive force produced by the thermocouple 8.

The electromotive force multiplying device illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2 and the alternative form illustrated in Fig. 3 operate to produce a magnified electromotive force from the minute electromotive force produced by the thermocouple 8, which magnified electromotive force is capable of being directly amplified by ordinary electronic amplifying means. This magnified electromotive force is opposed to the potential drop acros the left hand portion of the slidewire resistance l8 of the potentiometer 2 and the unbalanced component of the electromotive forces is impressed on the input terminals of the electronic amplifier I which operates under control of said electromotive force to control the selective energization of one winding 88 or 88 of the reversible electrical motor I8 which, as shown, also include a winding 88 connected to alternating current supply lines L and L through a suitable condenser 8|.

The reversible motor I8 is of the induction variety and includes a squirrel cage rotor and two pairs of oppositely disposed field poles (not shown) on which the windings 88, 88 and 88 are wound. Winding 88 is wpund on one field pole of one of said pairs and winding 88 is wound on the other pole of said pair. Winding 88 is wound on the other pair of field poles and due to the action of condenser 8i the current which fiows through the winding 88 will lead the line current by approx mately 90. The current suppl ed the winding 88 by the amplifier I is in phase with the supply line voltage and establishes a field in the rotor which is displaced 90 in the forward direction with respect to that established therein by the winding 88.- Similarly, the current supplied the winding 88 is in phase with the supply line voltage but since it is wound on an opposite field pole from that on which the winding 88 is wound it establishes a field in the rotor which lags by 90 that established by winding 88. Reaction between the field set up by winding 88 or 88 with that set up by winding 88 establishes a rotating field in the rotor which rotates in one direction or the other depending upon whether winding 68 and 88 is energized, and thus, n the direction of potentiometer unbalance. The motor rotor is connected through suitable gearing or couplings (not shown) to the screw threaded shaft l1 so that the contact I5 is adjusted along the slidewire resistance I8 in accordance with the direction of rotation of the rotor. The direction and duration of rotation of the rotor is controlled by the-direction and extent of unbalance of the potentiometer 2 so th at on motor rotation the contact I8 is adjusted in the proper direction to reduce the potentiometer unbalance.

The electronic amplifier I referred to and utilized for selectively controlling the rotation and direction of rotation of the reversible electrical motor I8 in response to unbalance of the potentiometer 2 includes a pair of electronicvalves 82 and 88 which valves are heater type triodes including anode, cathode, filament and control electrode elements. The output circuits of the valves 82 and 88 are directly coupled to the input terminals 0! a like pair of valves 88 and 85. Valves 88 and 85 in turn have their output circuits directly coupled to the input terminals of a pair 0! electronic valves "and 81 the latter of which are heater type tetrodes including anode, cathode, filament, screen and control electrode elements, and have a respective motor winding 88 and 88 connected'in their output circuits. I

Anode voltage is supplie the amplifier from the high voltage secondary windin 88 or a transformer 88. As illustrated, valves 88 and are connected across the terminals of said secondary winding in an inverse manner with respect to the connection of valves 82'and 88 and valves 86 and 81 thereacross. That is to say, the valves 82, 88 and 86, 81 and valves 88, 85 will be conductive only during alternate half cycles of the supply line voltage so that the conductivities of valves 88 and 85 will be controlled in accordance with the magnitude of current conducted by valves 82 and 83 during the preceding half cycle, and in like manner, the conductivities of valves 86 and 81 will be controlled in accordance with the current conducted by valve 88 and 85 during the preceding half cycle As illustrated, condensers I88, MI and I82 are provided for each pair or valves, being connected between the anodes of a IGSDL stive pair of valves for efi'ecting such control of a successive pair of valves during the next later half cycle. Transformer 88 is a combination step-up and step-down transformer and includes a line voltage primary winding I88, the high voltage secondary winding 88 and low voltage secondary winding I88 and I88. The low voltage winding I88 supplie energizing current to the heating filaments of valves 82, 88, 86 and 81 and similarly, winding I86 supplies energizing current to the heating filaments .of valves 88 and 85, each of the filaments desirably being connected in parallel across its respective energizing winding. It is noted separate filament energizing windings I88 and I85 are provided because the potentials of the cathodes of valves 82, 88, 88 and 81 are widely displaced from that of the cathodes of valves 88 and 85.

The unbalanced terminals of the potentiometer 2 are connected-by conductors I88 and I81 to the input terminal; of the electronic valve 82 and consequently the conductivity of the latter is controlled in accordance with the state oi! balance of the potentiometer. When the potentiometer is'balanced, the conductivity of the valve 82 will be precisely the same as the conductivity of the valve 88, and accordingly, the motor I8 will not be energized for rotation in either direction. Upon a change in the state of balance of the potentiometer, however, for example, upon unbalance of the potentiometer in the direction to increase the potential on the control grid of the electronic valve 82 in the negative direction with respect to the potential of the cathode, the conductivity of the valve 82 will be decreased with respect to the conductivity of thevalve 88. This will operate to increase the conductivity of the valve 86 with respect to that of the valve 88 and thereby will operate to decrease the conductivity of the valve 86 with respect to that of the valve 81. Consequently, the current fiow to the motor winding 88 will exceed the current fiow to the winding 88, and as a result the motor will be energized for rotation. The direction of rotation is that required to restore the state of balance of the potentiometer 2. Upon unbalance of the potentiometer in the opposite direction, the conductivity of the valve 86, and accordingly the current fiow to the motor winding 88 will'be increased with respect to that in the motor winding 88. The motor will then be operated in the opposite direction, which direction is that required in this case to restore the state of balance of the potentiometer. The contact I6 will thus be adjusted to a position along the slidewire I8 which corresponds to the magnitude of the electromotive force produced by the thermocouple 3.

If desired, a pen may be mounted on the carriage which carries the potentiometer contact I and arranged in cooperative relation with a recorder chart 08 to thereby provide a continuous record of the temperature of the interior of the furnace 4 in which the thermocouple 3 is inserted. The chart tilt may be a strip chart as shown, and is adapted to be driven in any convenient manner as, for example, by a unidirectional motor it through suitable gearing (not shown) so that a record of the temperature to which the thermocouple 3 is subjected will be recorded as a continuou line on the chart.

it is noted that the measuring system illustrated in Fig. 1 and described hereinbefore includes suitable provisions for so delaying the application of the full change or variation in the electromotive force developed by the. thermocouple 3 in producing unbalance of the potentiometer 2 that an effect is produced tending to compensate for the inertia of the driving system and thereby to prevent hunting or oscillation of the said system about the balance point. Precise compensation for the inertia of the driving system and thereby the minimization of hunting or oscillation of the system about the balance point may be obtained by suitably adjusting the magnitude of this. effect. This effect may be adjusted in magnitude by suitably proportioning the total capacity of the condensers lQ-ZQ connected in series and the speed of rotation of the disc of Fig. l, or the device '58 of Fig. 3, with respect to the value of the impedance of the potentiometer 2 and the resistance 63, and the speed of operation of the driving system includ ing the rebalancing motor Hi. When this proportion is suitably chosen, the speed of operation of the rebalancing motor it in effecting rebalance of the potentiometer 2 upon unbalance of the latter may be exceedingly great without overshooting of the balance point of the potentiometer E occurring and consequent hunting taking place.

With the arrangement illustrated in Fig. l, for example the thermocouple E operates to charge the condenser 6t through the medium of the device t and the electromotive force thus produced between the terminals of the condenser is compared with the potentiometer electromotive force at the then position of the contact along the slidewire it. On a. change in the electromotive force produced by thermocouple 3, for example, on an increase in that electroniotive force, the device 9 will operate to increase the electromotive force produced between the termimale of the condenser to a' higher value corresponding to the increased value of the thermocouple electroniotive force. Due to the nature of the device S and due to the presence of the resistance 68 connected across the potentiometer terminals the electromotive force produced between the terminals of the condenser will not immediately assume the final value correspond ing to the new value of thermal clectromotive force. This effect is obtained because the condensers l5-2S must be charged to the new value of the thermal electromotive force before the potential on the condenser can assume its new value, which action introduces a delay and is further obtained because of the action of the re sistance 65:3 in charging and discharging the condenser 64. Thus, until the potentiometer electromctive force is adjusted to a value'corre spending to the new value of the thermocouple electromotive force, the elcctromotivc force produced between the terminals of the condenser 64 will tend to assume a value intermediate that produced between the contacts 55 and 56 by the condensers l329 and the potentiometer electromotive force.

There is no delay means in the circuit through which the potentiometer electromotive force and the electromotive force produced on condenser A 64 are opposed so that the amplifier l responds substantially immediately to unbalance of these electromotive forces to energize the motor l8 for rotation in one direction or the other to change the potentiometer electromotive force as required to reduce the unbalance and reduces the motor energization to zero at the instant the balance between the said electromotive forces is restored. Due to the inertia of the motor, however. the speed of the latter will not fall off as quickly as the energization thereof, andconsequently the potentiometer electromotive force will overshoot the instantaneous value of the electromotive force on condenser 64. As a result. the potentiometer 2 will be momentarily unbalanced in the opposition direction, which unbalance will produce an effect energizing the motor for rotation in the reverse direction to thereby quickly decelerate the latter. Inasmuch as the electromotive force on the condenser St is intermediate that produced between the contacts 55 and 56 of the device 9 and the potentiometer electromotive force, the contact I5 will not have reached the position along the slidewire resistance l4 corresponding to the new value of thermocouple electromotive force at the instant when the potentiometer electromotive force and electroinotive force on the condenser 6 4! were exactly balanced. After this temporary state of balance. the electrornotive force on the condenser tfi will not assume the value corresponding to that between the contacts 55 and 56 until the lapse oi a predetermined interval required to charge the condenser lit to the potential between the contacts and 5G and by making this interval of the proper duration, the motor will be decelerated and ease the contact it gradually into the final position of balance without overshooting it. The proper adjustment of the duration of this inter-' val may be readily effected by properly proportioning the total capacity of the condensers lt29 with respect to the capacity of the condenser the effective resistance of the potentiometer circuit and the resistance (23, and the speed of operation of the motor 58.

Thus, on a change in thermocouple electrometive force the motor will effect an adjustment of the contact 65 along the slidewire resistance l4, and closely adjacent the new position of balance of the potentiometer, the motor speed will be gradually decelerated and the latter will quickly come to rest with the contact 5 at the exact balance position. The motor l8 utilized for effecting rebalance of the potentiometer 2 may therefore be extremely fast in operation v without overshooting and consequent hunting of the potentiometer taking place.

The same desirable operation may be obtained by utilizing the electromotive force magnifier illustrated in Fig. 3 in the arrangement of Fig. 1

in lieu of the device 9.

It will be apparent that the supply of heating agent to the furnace 6 may be controlled in accordance with the deflections of the recording pen along the chart Hill. For example, a reversible electrical motor H0 having two opposed field windings (not shown) may be utilized to adjust a fuel valve ill disposed in a pipe H2 which supplies fuel to the furnace l. To this end the reversible motor H is energized for rotation in one direction or the other depending upon the direction of deflection of the pen from a predetermined position along the chart IIIB, which position corresponds to the temperature it is desired to maintain with the furnace 4.

Specifically, a switch H3 which is actuated in accordance with the adjustments of the recording pen is provided for controlling the energizetion of the motor Ill). The switch H3 comprises a switch arm Ill which is insulated from but is carried by the same support which carries the pen and the potentiometer contact l5, and also two elongated contact segments I I and H5 which are disposed on opposite sides of the arm Ill. The arm H4 is connected by a conductor II! to the alternating current supply conductor L The contact segment H5 is connected by a conductor l 18 in which one winding of the motor H0 is inserted to the alternating supply conductor L and the contact segment H5 is connected by a conductor llsvin which the other winding of the motor H0 is inserted to the supply conductor L.

With the arrangement described, when the arm lll is intermediate the contact segments H5 and Hi the motor I") is not energized for rotation in either direction but when the arm H4 is in engagement with the contact segment Hi! the motor H0 is energized for rotation in the direction to open the fuel valve Ill and thereby to increase the supply of fuel to the furnace 4. When the arm III is in engagement with the contact segment H8,'the motor llll is energized for rotation in the opposite direction and effects a closing adjustment of the valve Ill and thereby a decrease in the supply of fuel to the furnace.

Although not shown the contact segments H5 and II! of the switch HI are desirably made adjustable relatively to each other and to the chart I08 so that both the sensitivity and the control point setting of the apparatus may be adjusted in a manner well known in the art.

While in accordance with the provisions of the statutes, I have illustrated and described the best form of my invention now known to me, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that changes may be made in the form of the apparatus disclosed without departing from the spirit of my invention as set forth in the appended claims, and that certain features of my invention may sometimes be used to advantage without a corresponding use of v other features.

Having now described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:

1. The method of measuring the magnitude of a minute direct electromotiveforce which includes the steps of successively connecting said electromotive force to a plurality of electrical capacitive reactance devices to charge the latter. opposing the electromotive force produced by said devices connected in series to a known electromotive force, and varying said known electromotive force as required to effect a balance between said opposed electromotive forces.

2. The method of measuring the magnitude of a minute direct electromotive force which includes the steps of successively connecting said electromotive force to a plurality of electrical capacitive reactance devices to charge the latter,

opposing the electromotive force produced by said devices connected in series to a known electromotive force, amplifying the resultant of said opposed electromotive forces, and applying the amplified quantity directly to eilfecta balance between said opposed electromotive forces.

3. Apparatus for measuring the magnitude of a minute direct electromotive force including a plurality of electrical capacitive reactance devices connected in series, a source of known electromotive force, switching means to alternately connect said electromotive force to each of said reactance devices in succession to charge the latter and to connect the electromotive force produced by all oi said reactance devices in series in opposition to said known electromotive force, and means to vary said known electromotive force to balance said opposed electromotive forces.

4. Apparatus for measuring the magnitude of a minute direct electromotive force including a plurality of electrical capacitive reactance devices connected in series, an electrical energy storing device, switching means to alternately connect said electromotive force to each of said reactance devices in succession to charge the latter and to connect the total electromotive force produced by all o1 said reactance devices in series with said electrical energy storing device to charge the latter, a source or known electromotive force, means to oppose said known electromotive force to the electromotive force produced on said' electrical energy storing device, motive means to vary said known electromotive force to balance said opposed electromotive forces, and means responsive to the resultant of said opposed electromotive forces to control said motive means.

5. Apparatus for measuring the magnitude of a minute direct electromotive force including a plurality of electrical capacitive reactance devices connected in series, an electrical energy storing device, switching means to alternately connect said electromotive force to each or said reactance devices in succession to charge the latter and to connect the total electromotive force produced by all of said reactance devices in series with said electrical energy storing device to charge the latter, a source of known electromotive force, means to oppose said known electromotive force to the electromotive force produced on said electrical energy storing device,

means to amplify the resultant of said opposed electromotive forces, and means to apply the amplified quantity directly to effect a balance between said opposed electromotive forces.

6. Apparatus for measuring the magnitude of a minute direct electromotive force including a plurality of electrical capacitive reactance devices connected in series, an electrical energy storing device, switching means to alternately connect said electromotive force to be measured to each of said reactance devices in succession to charge the latter and to connect the total electromotive force produced by all of said'reactance devices in series with said electrical energy storing device to charge the latter, an electrical network including a source of known electromotive force, means to connect said electrical energy storing device to said network to oppose the electromotive force produced thereon to said known electromotive force, motive means to adjust said network and thereby to vary said known electromotive force to balance said opposed electromotive forces, said motive means having the inertia characteristic which produces further adjustment of said network following deenergization, and means responsive to unbalance of said opposed electromotive forces to selectively energize said motive means for rotation in one direction or the other depending upon the direction of unbalance of said opposed electromotive forces, the value of said electrical energy storing device and the impedance of said network being so chosen with respect to the speed of operation of said motive means as to substantially compensate for the inertia characteristic of the latter.

7. Apparatus for measuring the magnitude of a minute direct electromotive force including a rotatable member, a plurality of electrical capacitive reactance devices carried by said memher, a pair of contacts individual to and connected to opposite terminals of each one of said devices and carried by said member, another pair of contacts carried by said member, conductors connected to said first mentioned contacts to connect said devices in series between said another pair of contacts, first relatively stationary contact means disposed in operati e relation with said first mentioned contacts adapted to connect said electromotiye force to be measured to each of said devices to charge the latter, an electrical energy storing device, second relatively stationary contact means disposed in operative relation with said another pair of contacts and adapted to connect said devices in series to said energy storing device, said contacts being so disposed on said member that during one complete rotation of said member said electromotive force to be measured is connected in succession to said devices and thereafter said devices in series are connected to said energy storing device, means to continuously rotate said" member, an electrical network including a source of known electromotive force. means to connect said electrical energy storing device to said network to oppose the electromotive force produced thereon to said known electromotive force. motive means to adjust said network and thereby to vary said known electrornotive force to balance said opposed electromotive forces, said Inotive means having the inertia characteristic which produces further adjustment of said network following dcenergization, and means responsive to unbalance of said opposed electronictive forces to selectively energize said motive means for rotation in one direction or the other depending upon the direction of unbalance of said opposed electromotiveforces, the speed of rotation of said member, the value of said electrical energy storing device and the impedance of said network being so chosen with respect to the speed of operation of said motive means as to substantially compensate for the inertia characteristic of the latter.

8. Apparatus for measuring the magnitude of a minute direct electromotive force including a rotatable member, a plurality of electrical capacitive reactance devices carried by said member, a pair of contacts individual to and connected to opposite terminals of each one of said devices and carried by said member, another pair of contacts carried by said member, conductors connected to said first mentioned contacts to connect said devices in series between said another energy storing device, said contacts being so disposed on said member that during one complete rotation of said member said electromotive force to be measured is connected in succession to said devices and thereafter said devices in series are connected to said energy storing device, means to continuously rotate said member, and measuring means connected to said energy storing device, comprising a source of known electromotive force, means to oppose the electromotive force produced across said electrical energy storing device to said known electromotive force, means to amplify the resultant between said opposed electromotive forces, and motive means directly controlled by the amplified quantity to vary said known source of electromotive force as required to balance said opposed electromotive forces.

EARL Al KEELER. 

